課程詳情
動(dòng)詞：He asks me to help him often.
謂語(yǔ) 非謂語(yǔ)
1.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：時(shí)態(tài)/被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
2.非謂語(yǔ)：do/ to do/ doing/ done
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一直是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)，也是中考的?？键c(diǎn)，主要為動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞，在單項(xiàng)填空、詞形填空和詞組翻譯題型中均有涉及。學(xué)生在做此類試題時(shí)應(yīng)先分析本題該用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，然后才能確定選用動(dòng)詞的哪種形式或者非謂語(yǔ)的哪種形式。如何確定使用動(dòng)詞的哪種形式具體講解詳見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)，下面列舉幾種常見(jiàn)的判定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式的方法：
1.如何判定本題該使用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：判斷句子是否缺少謂語(yǔ)。
①當(dāng)句子缺少謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，該動(dòng)詞就用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。一般情況下，動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)放在主語(yǔ)之后，如“I love you.”中，love就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
②當(dāng)句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞又沒(méi)有并列連詞與所填動(dòng)詞并列時(shí)，該動(dòng)詞就用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以在句子中作除謂語(yǔ)以外的任何成分，如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)及插入語(yǔ)。
1）不定式
1.不定式的構(gòu)成
不定式的基本形式為:to+動(dòng)詞原形,有時(shí)可以不用to,這里的to是不定式符號(hào),本身無(wú)詞義,動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是not+to+動(dòng)詞原形。動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化。
2.不定式的基本用法
|
用法 |
說(shuō)明 |
例句 |
|
作 主 語(yǔ) |
動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),常用it作形式主語(yǔ),而將真正的主語(yǔ)放在句末,避免句子頭重腳輕。其結(jié)構(gòu)為It+be+adj.+to do sth. |
To learn English well is useful. =It is useful to learn English well. |
|
如果要說(shuō)明不定式表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for短語(yǔ)。其結(jié)構(gòu)為It+be+adj.+for sb.+to do sth. |
It is good for you to go out for a walk. |
|
|
某些表示人的品質(zhì)、特征等的形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,clever,polite等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式之前可以加一個(gè)of短語(yǔ),用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。其結(jié)構(gòu)為It+be+adj.+of sb.+to do sth. |
It’s not polite of him to speak to old people like that. |
|
|
兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的動(dòng)詞不定式并列時(shí),第一個(gè)不定式帶to,后面的不定式通常省略to |
To go to sleep early and get up early is a good habit. |
|
|
作 賓 語(yǔ) |
不定式用在及物動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ),常見(jiàn)的及物動(dòng)詞有:begin,choose,continue,decide,expect,fail,forget,hate,help,hope,learn,manage,mean,need,offer,plan,prefer,pretend,promise,refuse,try,afford,agree,start,like等 |
I can’t afford to buy a digital camera at the moment. |
|
在find,think后跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),常用it代替,而將真正的賓語(yǔ)放在后面 |
I find it easy to read English every day. |
|
|
作 賓 語(yǔ) 補(bǔ) 足 語(yǔ) |
常接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:want,ask,tell,allow,get,would like,advise,encourage等 |
My mother encourages me to learn Japanese. |
|
一些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞也用不定式作賓補(bǔ),這時(shí)不定式要省略to。這些動(dòng)詞有:一感(feel)、二聽(tīng)(hear,listen to)、三讓(let,make,have)、四看(look at,see,watch,notice)。但變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)必須加上to |
I often hear Li Ming sing in the next room. |
|
|
動(dòng)詞help后面的不定式,既可以帶to,也可以不帶to |
You must help me(to)do my homework this afternoon. |
|
|
作 定 語(yǔ) |
作定語(yǔ)的不定式,要放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后 |
I have some clothes to wash. |
|
如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,且與它所修飾的詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,則不定式要加上相應(yīng)的介詞 |
He is looking for a room to live in. We have a lot of things to talk about. |
|
|
當(dāng)不定式修飾的名詞是time,place或way時(shí),不定式后面習(xí)慣上省略介詞 |
My grandma had no place to live(in)in the old days. |
|
|
不定式修飾 something,anything,nothing時(shí),放在它們的后面,如果something,anything,nothing有形容詞修飾,詞序是“something/anything/nothing+形容詞+不定式” |
I had something cold to drink. |
|
|
作 狀 語(yǔ) |
不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)可放在句首或句尾 |
To be a good student,one must study hard. |
|
和某些形容詞連用構(gòu)成“be+形容詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),作原因狀語(yǔ) |
We are sorry to trouble you. |
|
|
作程度或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí),常與enough(表示肯定)或too(表示否定)連用 |
He is old enough to go to school. He is too young to go to school. |
|
|
作表語(yǔ) |
表示主語(yǔ)的“職業(yè)、職責(zé)或性質(zhì)”等,通常對(duì)連系動(dòng)詞前面的名詞進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明 |
His wish is to become a doctor. |
|
和疑問(wèn) 詞連用 |
不定式常和疑問(wèn)詞what,which,when,where,how連用,在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分 |
He didn't know where to go. =He didn't know where he should go. |
動(dòng)詞不定式的特殊句型:
①too…to… “太……而不能……”。
如：The boy is too young to look after himself. 那個(gè)男孩太小而不能照顧自己。
②…enough to…“……足夠……”。
如：He is old enough to go to school. 他足夠大能去上學(xué)了。
③Why don’t you +省略to的不定式？=Why not +省略to的不定式？為什么不……呢？
如：Why don't you get her a photo album? =Why not get her a photo album? 為什么不給她買個(gè)相冊(cè)呢？
④had better+（not）+省略to的不定式。最好（不要）做……
如：You'd better not stay here today. 你今天最好別待在這兒。
⑤Will you please+省略to的不定式?你愿意……嗎？
如：Will you please close the door? 能請(qǐng)你把門(mén)關(guān)上嗎？
⑥prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. “寧愿做某事而不愿做某事”
如：I prefer to do more work rather than do nothing at home.我寧愿做更多的工作也不愿在家無(wú)所事事。
⑦It is+adj.+for/of sb.+to do.“做某事是……的”
如：It is necessary for us to brush our teeth twice a day.一天刷兩次牙對(duì)我們是有必要的。
It+be+形容詞+不定式
It’s hard to say which one is better.很難說(shuō)哪一個(gè)更好。
It+be+名詞+不定式
It was great fun to have a picnic there. 在那里野餐很有意思。
It+動(dòng)詞+名詞/副詞+不定式
It took me 2 hours to finish my homework. 完成作業(yè)花了我兩個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間。
2).動(dòng)名詞
1作主語(yǔ)
單獨(dú)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式；如果并列的動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
Reading in bed is not good for your eyes.在床上看書(shū)對(duì)你的眼睛不好。
Reading and writing are necessary for us. 讀書(shū)和寫(xiě)作對(duì)我們很有必要。
2作表語(yǔ)
動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))作表語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)。如：
His favorite sport is playing ping-pong.＝Playing ping-pong is his favorite sport.他最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是打乒乓球。
3作賓語(yǔ)
動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ), 多用來(lái)表示習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。如：
I like playing football very much.我非常喜歡踢足球。
常跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：
enjoy喜歡
mind 介意
finish 完成
keep持續(xù)
suggest 建議
practice 練習(xí)
consider考慮
miss錯(cuò)過(guò)
imagine想象
avoid避免
can’t help忍不住
go on 繼續(xù)
be worth值得
be busy忙于
give up放棄
succeed in成功，設(shè)法
look forward to期待
be used to習(xí)慣于
end up以……結(jié)束
put off推遲
pay attention to注意
be interested in對(duì)……感興趣
注意：含有介詞to的固定短語(yǔ)：
make (a) contribution (s) to 為……做貢獻(xiàn)
devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身，致力于……
look forward to 期待，盼望
preferto 比起……更喜歡……
be used to 習(xí)慣……，適應(yīng)……
pay attention to注意
某些動(dòng)詞后接不定式和動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別
1.forget doing sth.忘記做過(guò)某事
forget to do sth.忘記要做某事（未做）
I forget to bring my homework.我忘記帶作業(yè)了。
I forget bringing my homework.我忘記已把作業(yè)帶來(lái)了。
2.remember doing sth.記得做過(guò)某事
remember to do sth.記得去做某事（未做）
Please remember to post my letter.請(qǐng)記得把我的信寄走。
I remember posting your letter.我記得把你的信寄出去了。
3.try doing sth.嘗試做某事
try to do sth.盡力做某事
Please try to do better next time.下次請(qǐng)?jiān)O(shè)法做得更好些。
He tried speaking in English.他試著用英語(yǔ)講。
4.hear/see sb. doing sth.聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/看見(jiàn)某人正在做某事
hear/see sb. do sth. 聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/看見(jiàn)某人做了某事
I often see him play football 我經(jīng)?？匆?jiàn)他踢球
I saw him playing football went I passed 當(dāng)我經(jīng)過(guò)的時(shí)候，我看見(jiàn)他正在踢球
5.Stop to do sth 停下去做某事
Stop doing sth 停止做某事
Stop to think about it for a moment.停下來(lái)想一下這件事。
Stop talking, please.請(qǐng)不要說(shuō)話。
6.Mean to do sth 打算做某事
Mean doing sth 意味著
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去,但我父親不肯讓我去。
Doing that means wasting time.做那件事意味著浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別
1.在語(yǔ)態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義,過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義。
the surprising news令人驚訝的消息
a surprised man一個(gè)感到驚訝的人
a moving film一部感人的電影
the moved people被感動(dòng)的人們
2.在時(shí)間上,現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
the developing country發(fā)展中國(guó)家
the developed country發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家
the rising sun正在升起的太陽(yáng)
the risen sun升起來(lái)的太陽(yáng)
易混句式have sb.do sth.,have sb.doing sth.和have sth. done的區(qū)別
1.have sb. do sth.意為“讓某人做某事”,have可以用let,make代替。不定式往往表示一次性的具體動(dòng)作,且強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或尚未發(fā)生。
The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.士兵們讓這個(gè)男孩背對(duì)他的父親站著。
2.have sb. doing sth.表示“使某人作出某種反應(yīng)”或“勸說(shuō)/命令某人做某事”;用于否定句時(shí)表示“允許/容忍某人做某事”。
Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping.短短幾分鐘內(nèi)他就令全體觀眾歡笑、鼓掌。
3.have sth.done意為“讓某事被別人做”,即ask sb.else to do sth.,過(guò)去分詞(done)所表示的動(dòng)作由他人(非主語(yǔ)本身)來(lái)完成。
The driver had his car washed once a week.這個(gè)司機(jī)一周讓人洗一次車。
